Dans les �uvres de Justin Martyr, plusieurs énoncés similaires, et parfois complexes, se présentent comme un résumé de la vie du Christ tel qu�il peut apparaître dans le Symbole des Apôtres. Ils englobent non seulement les péripéties de la vie terrestre du Christ mais aussi la mission des Apôtres, la conversion des gentils, la deuxième parousie du Christ, le règne millénaire, etc. (cf. 1 Apo. 31,7). L�Apologiste attire ainsi l�attention de ses destinataires sur la Révélation accomplie, à la suite des (...) prophéties, par le Christ et en même temps définit l�identité du chrétien orthodoxe face au christianisme diversifié de son époque, vu comme un conglomérat de sectes. Il faut dès lors souligner la nature, le sens, l�efficacité et la spécificité de telles formules d�une part et d�autre part les occasions de leur profession. (shrink)

Thomas Sheehan’s attack on my book Heidegger, l’introduction du nazisme dans la philosophie, addressed neither the book’s topic nor its arguments. He instead highlighted a few isolated details in a sophistic and biased fashion. Moreover, his exposition was interspersed with ad personam insults not typically found in philosophical or scientific discussions. Although I had hitherto resolved not to respond to personal attacks, I owe it to the memory of Johannes Fritsche, who was also attacked by Sheehan, to take my turn (...) to speak and to thereby pay intellectual tribute to Professor Fritsche. The article returns to the interpretation of Being and Time and analyzes the meaning and connotations of Heidegger’s use of the German term Bodenlosigkeit. The key methodological issue concerns the need to study the semantic, historical, and political context of concepts instead of hiding these issues by reducing everything to a battle between dogmatic positions. (shrink)

The distinction between rules and similarity is central to our understanding of much of cognitive psychology. Two aspects of existing research have motivated the present work. First, in different cognitive psychology areas we typically see different conceptions of rules and similarity; for example, rules in language appear to be of a different kind compared to rules in categorization. Second, rules processes are typically modeled as separate from similarity ones; for example, in a learning experiment, rules and similarity influences would be (...) described on the basis of separate models. In the present article, I assume that the rules versus similarity distinction can be understood in the same way in learning, reasoning, categorization, and language, and that a unified model for rules and similarity is appropriate. A rules process is considered to be a similarity one where only a single or a small subset of an object's properties are involved. Hence, rules and overall similarity operations are extremes in a single continuum of similarity operations. It is argued that this viewpoint allows adequate coverage of theory and empirical findings in learning, reasoning, categorization, and language, and also a reassessment of the objectives in research on rules versus similarity. Key Words: categorization; cognitive explanation; language; learning; reasoning; rules; similarity. (shrink)

According to Wiredu, the Akan profess secular esteem rather than religious worship to supra-natural beings, who they perceive in an empirical sense. He backs this up by re-reading what he sees as the Akan general ontology in a way that denies them of the concepts of the supernatural, the transcendental, the mental, the spiritual, and an ontologically distinct mind. At the end of denying the three criteria of worship as well as all of these other concepts which might otherwise be (...) available to the Akan, one might struggle to find any evidence that the Akan even had a religion. I dispute this secular reading, and I more generally demonstrate that the characterizations of the Akan attitude to divinity as non-worshipping, non-supernatural, non-transcendent, and non-spiritual, are either conceptually flawed, factually incorrect, or both. (shrink)

Ezumezu, a prototype African logic, developed by Jonathan Chimakonam as a framework which mediates thought, theory and method in the African place, is according to him, extendable and applicable in places non-African too. This seems to underscore the universal character of the logic. I interrogate, in this piece, the logic to see if it truly mediates thought, theory and method in Yorùbá ontology on the one hand, and process ontology on the other hand. Through critical analysis, I discern that each (...) of these thought systems operate beyond the principles of classical logic and this is one of the factors that have vitiated their appreciation and comprehension. Upon critical reflection, however, these thought systems seem to follow the principles of Ezumezu logic hence my aim – to disclose how the logic undergirds theory and method for each of those systems. Keywords: African Philosophy, Ezumezu Logic, Jonathan Chimakonam, Process Ontology, Yorùbá Ontology. (shrink)

As Hegel once said, in Byzantium, between homoousis and homoiousis, the difference of one letter could decide over the life and death of thousands. As the present essay would like to argue, Byzantine thinking was not only attentive to conceptual, but also to iconic differences. The iconoclastic controversy arose from two different interpretations of the nature of images: whereas iconoclastic philosophy is based on the assumption of a fundamental ‘iconic identity’, iconophile philosophy defends the idea of ‘iconic difference’. While the (...) reception in the Latin West of the controversies over the image as a mere problem of referentiality of the Letter explains why its originality has remained underestimated for centuries, re-examining Byzantine visual thinking in the light of today’s ‘iconic turn’ reveals its striking modernity. (shrink)

This paper examines critically the reconstruction of the ‘Sherlock Holmes sense of deduction’ proposed jointly by M.B. Hintikka and J. Hintikka in the 1980s, and its successor, the interrogative model of inquiry developed by J. Hintikka and his collaborators in the 1990s. The Hintikkas’ model explicitly used game theory in order to formalize a naturalistic approach to inquiry, but the imi abandoned both the game-theoretic formalism, and the naturalistic approach. It is argued that the latter better supports the claim that (...) the imi provides a ‘logic of discovery’, and safeguards its empirical adequacy. Technical changes necessary to this interpretation are presented, and examples are discussed, both formal and informal, that are better analyzed when these changes are in place. The informal examples are borrowed from Conan Doyle’s The Case of Silver Blaze, a favorite of M.B. and J. Hintikka. (shrink)

This is the first English-language translation of an important book that contributes to contemporary debates about social suffering in sociology, social psychology, political theory and philosophy. Renault provides a systematic account of the ways in which social suffering could be conceptualised.

Contribution for the Nordic Journal of Aesthetics' Special Issue no. 30 on "The Changing Ontology of the Image". The image’s power is a power of appearing without fully being what it allows to appear. In its strange relationship to what is lacking, the image also and simultaneously displays a remarkable excess—a phenomenal excess.

Shepard's theoretical analysis of generalization is assumed to enable an objective measure of the relation between objects, an assumption taken on board by Tenenbaum & Griffiths. I argue that context effects apply to generalization in the same way as they apply to similarity. Thus, the need to extend Shepard's formalism in a way that incorporates context effects should be acknowledged. [Shepard; Tenenbaum & Griffiths].

Dans les débats sur le transhumanisme et ses rapports avec le post-humanisme, devons-nous admettre un horizon de perfectibilité susceptible de faire l’unanimité et capable de donner sens au travail engagé aux yeux de tous? Cela semble, de prime abord, bien difficile à défendre. En effet, les idées sur la perfectibilité humaine sont nombreuses et leur cohérence d’ensemble n’est pas avérée. Il apparaît indispensable, en tout état de cause, de prendre en compte la dimension sociale du « progrès » auquel l’humanité (...) est en droit d’aspirer. Les références au bonheur, à la liberté de choix, à l’épanouissement individuel ne sont pas purement individuelles ; en effet, leur concrétisation ou leur échec est toujours tributaire de relations sociales et de l’organisation collective. Du fait de l’emprise des normes de concurrence et des normes de réputation et de conformité, il est difficile de considérer l’amélioration individuelle de « capacités » ou facultés comme un gage d’épanouissement, de satisfaction ou de vie réussie. Ainsi, nous devons aborder la relation de l’individu à la société, dans le contexte des débats sur le post- et le transhumanisme, en conservant le cadre de référence de la perfectibilité sociale, en prenant acte de l’emprise d’une perspective naturaliste incomplète. (shrink)

This work studied the Anioma Healing Ministry of the late prophet Eddy Okeke. The aim is to investigate the structure, demography, beliefs and practices of the ministry. The study adopts a qualitative phenomenological research design and historiographical method for data analysis. Personal interviews form a primary source of data collection, whilst the secondary sources include library and Internet resources. The study found that Okeke’s ministry was not organised or administratively structured like some of the well-established churches or ministries. Because the (...) ministry was structured after African traditional religion, it also held similar beliefs. The study also found that most of the practices of Okeke’s healing ministry were reflected in its belief system, and adherents to the ministry included the rich and the poor, men and women. It was also discovered that overzealous and excessive belief in Okeke’s magical and miraculous powers promoted him more than his actual spiritual deeds. Many who became disloyal to him or who opposed his interfused religiocultural practices suffered open attacks from him. Although now dead, this ministry still flourishes and Okeke’s spiritual powers continue to be held in high esteem.Contribution: Okeke’s ministry has given the world’s independent ministries a new socioreligious mentality and intellectual framework. This is, without a doubt, the only ministry constructed in the same way as African traditional religion and Christianity. As a result of the foregoing, the HTS Teologiese Studies journal will consider this article worthy of publication in their prestigious journal because it contributes to a greater understanding of the world’s emerging religious groups. (shrink)

Dans ses cours sur la théologie protestante, donnés à Bonn entre 1932 et 1933, Karl Barth engage une confrontation magistrale avec Hegel, la « confiance en soi » de la pensée humaine et « l’événement de la raison » qui sont au centre de cette œuvre. Hegel, mieux que les théologiens, fut aussi le penseur de la majesté, de la seigneurie de Dieu, mais il ne conçut pas, au centre de la vérité, « l’inconcevable de Dieu ».

Historiquement, le terme de style n’est pas un concept philosophique et est seulement une catégorie ambiguë et indéterminée permettant de classer les différents types de parole. Or, il est étonnant que la philosophie de la vie de Dilthey, Husserl et Heidegger se soit réapproprié ce terme qui ne fige plus le réel quand on le comprend comme une catégorie issue du monde de la vie. Pour la phénoménologie, comme méthode et non comme école, le style se donne de lui-même comme (...) l’identité d’une vie fluente, comme une identité dans le devenir-autre. La mise entre parenthèses de l’histoire du terme et de toutes les disciplines qui lui sont liées est ce qui permet de mettre en lumière la dimension originairement intuitive du style. Ce retour au style comme phénomène est ce qui peut rendre possible et fécond le dialogue entre la philosophie d’une part et la rhétorique, la stylistique, l’histoire des sciences, le commentaire littéraire, l’histoire de l’art, etc., d’autre part. Une phénoménologie du style vit de ce double ancrage empirique et transcendantal. (shrink)

La pensée d'Emmanuel Lévinas a d'emblée été connue des philosophes et des universitaires, dès son premier ouvrage, La théorie de l'intuition chez Husserl, en 1930. Avec " Totalité et Infini " (en l963), il fut reconnu comme un innovateur puissant et originel pour son développement de la phénoménologie. Pourtant, plus récemment, l'immense intérêt du public pour Lévinas s'est déplacé, plutôt, vers les conséquences ou les marges de son projet initial. Ce déplacement a sa légitimité, prouvant au moins la pertinence (...) politique et religieuse de la parole la plus conceptuelle. Mais il nous a semblé aussi légitime, voire urgent, de restituer l'enjeu original de l'initiative de Lévinas : poursuivre la phénoménologie de Husserl, non pas en la déployant vers la question de l'être (comme le fit Heidegger), mais en lui assignant l'éthique comme philosophie enfin première. Bref, Lévinas fut d'abord un phénoménologue et apparaît aujourd'hui de plus en plus comme tel. Cinq textes inédits ou difficiles d'accès de Lévinas et treize études de phénoménologues ou d'historiens de la philosophie moderne permettent, ici, d'évaluer quel apport intime unit Lévinas au nouveau commencement que Husserl entreprit de donner à la philosophie. J.- L. M. (shrink)

In the constitution of contemporary image theory, Ludwig Wittgenstein’s philosophy has undoubtedly become a major conceptual reference. Rather than trying to establish what Wittgenstein’s own image theory could possibly look like, this paper would like to critically assess some of the advantages as well as some of the quandaries that arise when using Wittgenstein’s concept of ‘seeing-as’ for addressing the plural realities of images. While putting into evidence the tensions that come into play when applying what was initially a theory (...) of the gaze to a theory of the image, the paper shall subsequently discuss three modes of iconic vision: the propositional seeing-as, the projective seeing-in and the medial seeing-with. (shrink)

Entendiendo la teología política como aquellos actos y conceptos políticos en los que subyace un resto que los sobrepasa y que los vincula con una dimensión que reside más allá de lo humano, el objetivo de este artículo es analizar los avatares de este concepto desde la matriz de la tradición judía. Es por ello que se intentará realizar un corrimiento y una relectura de los debates modernos de la teología política cristiana y la secularización desde el judaísmo. Adentrándonos también (...) por los caminos de la mística judía, nuestro objetivo es comprender de qué manera se produce un fenómeno inverso al de la así llamada secularización, por el cual los conceptos políticos se mueven a la esfera de lo divino y no al inverso. Para conseguir demostrar esta idea, se retomarán las concepciones angelológicas del judaísmo así como, principalmente, la idea antropomórfica de la cábala, buscando construir otra forma de leer nuestra realidad política, entendiéndola como aquello que constituye un “pálido reflejo”, o una “huella residual”, de las formas políticas divinas en este mundo. (shrink)

Does colonialism have long-term effects on political stability? This question is addressed in a study of India’s Naxalite insurgency, a Maoist rebellion characterized by its left-wing proponents as having roots in the colonial period. The article highlights three mechanisms linking colonialism with contemporary Naxalite violence—land inequality, discriminatory policies toward low-caste and tribal groups, and upper-caste-dominated administrative institutions. It analyzes how the degree of British influence relates to Naxalite conflict in 589 districts from 1980 to 2011. A positive association is found (...) between British influence and the strength of the Naxalite rebellion across all of India, within both the “Red Corridor” region and former princely states. The results are robust to a coarsened exact matching analysis and a wide array of robustness checks. The findings call into question whether the supposedly beneficial administrative and institutional legacies of colonialism can be evaluated without reference to their social costs. (shrink)

The article explores the striking coincidences in Heidegger's and Blanchot's account of the image as death mask. The analysis of the respective theories of the image brings forth two radically divergent conceptions of thinking as "laying patent" (Heidegger) and of thinking as "laying bare" (Blanchot).

This article aims at making a contribution within the framework of the new and renowned interest for Jacques Derrida's political thinking. The main objective is to clarify some specific contributions made to the discussion Derrida holds between phenomenology and structuralism. With this in mind, two central dimensions to think politics, found in the earliest texts of the author, are presented: on the one hand, by the discussion of a traditional definition of philosophy, exemplified here with phenomenology, a construction of a (...) different link between philosophy and politics seems to be possible; on the other, by the questioning of the formalism inherent in structuralism from notions like play and force a structural politicity, thought of as economy of violence, emerges. The methodological assumption that is taken here is that the texts where politics is an explicit subject are not necessarily those from which Jacques Derrida's contributions to think politics must be tracked. For this purpose we are going to narrow down our reading to just three texts: "Introduction to Husserl's Origin of Geometry", "Force and signification" and "Structure, Sign and Play in the Discourse of the Human Sciences".El artículo busca realizar un aporte en el marco del renovado interés por el pensamiento político de Jacques Derrida. El objetivo es precisar ciertas contribuciones en la discusión que Derrida tiene con la fenomenología y el estructuralismo. Para ello se muestran dos dimensiones centrales de los textos tempranos del autor para pensar la política: por una parte, al discutir una definición tradicional de filosofía, ejemplificada aquí con la fenomenología, se posibilita la construcción de otro vínculo entre filosofía y política; por otra parte, al cuestionar el formalismo inherente al estructuralismo desde nociones como juego o fuerza surge una politicidad estructural pensada como economía de la violencia. El presupuesto metodológico del cual partimos es que no necesariamente en los textos donde la política constituye un tema explicito es donde deben rastrearse sus aportes para pensar la política. Para ello, vamos a restringir nuestra lectura a tres textos: "Introducción a El Origen de la Geometría de Husserl" , "Fuerza y Significación" y "La estructura, el signo y el juego en el discurso de las ciencias humanas". (shrink)

Microsatellites are among the most versatile of genetic markers, being used in an impressive number of biological applications. However, the evolutionary dynamics of these markers remain a source of contention. Almost 20 years after the discovery of these ubiquitous simple sequences, new genomic data are clarifying our understanding of the structure, distribution and variability of microsatellites in genomes, especially for the eukaryotes. While these new data provide a great deal of descriptive information about the nature and abundance of microsatellite sequences (...) within eukaryotic genomes, there have been few attempts to synthesise this information to develop a global concept of evolution. This review provides an up‐to‐date account of the mutational processes, biases and constraints believed to be involved in the evolution of microsatellites, particularly with respect to the creation and degeneration of microsatellites, which we assert may be broadly viewed as a life cycle. In addition, we identify areas of contention that require further research and propose some possible directions for future investigation. BioEssays 28: 1040–1050, 2006. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (shrink)

RESUMEN Se interroga el fundamento de la hermenéutica del texto y lo que significa retomarla a la letra en filosofía y en teología. Una hermenéutica es fundamental si se afinca en un modo de existencia adecuado a su propósito, de modo que se diferencie mejor y sea identificada claramente. La hermenéutica protestante del sentido del texto y la hermenéutica judía del cuerpo de la letra serán sustituidas aquí por una hermenéutica católica del texto del cuerpo, en una tentativa al menos (...) programática. ABSTRACT The article inquires into the basis of textual hermeneutics and what it means to apply it literally in philosophy and theology. Hermeneutics is fundamental if it is grounded in a mode of existence that is adequate to its purpose, so that it is better differentiated and clearly identified. The Protestant hermeneutics of the meaning of the text and the Jewish hermeneutics of the body of the letter are here replaced by a Catholic hermeneutics of the text of the body, in an attempt that is at least programmatic. (shrink)

Barriers to mental health interventions globally remain a health concern; however, these are more prominent in low- and middle-income countries. The barriers to accessibility include stigmatization, financial strain, acceptability, poor awareness, and sociocultural and religious influences. Exploring the barriers to the utilization of mental health services might contribute to mitigating them. Hence, this research aims to investigate these barriers to mental health service utilization in depth at the Kabutare District Hospital of the Southern Province of Rwanda. The qualitative approach was (...) adopted with a cross-sectional study design. The participants were patients with mental illnesses seeking mental health services at the hospital. Ten interviews were conducted in the local language, recorded, and transcribed verbatim and translated by the researchers. Thematic analysis was applied to analyze the data collected. The results revealed that the most common barriers are fear of stigmatization, lack of awareness of mental health services, sociocultural scarcity, scarcity of financial support, and lack of geographical accessibility, which limit the patients to utilize mental health services. Furthermore, it was revealed that rural gossip networks and social visibility within the communities compounded the stigma and social exclusion for patients with mental health conditions. Stigmatization should be reduced among the community members for increasing their empathy. Then, the awareness of mental disorders needs to be improved. Further research in Rwanda on the factors associated with low compliance to mental health services with greater focus on the community level is recommended. (shrink)

Les Fermenta cognitionis, mais surtout les Leçons de 1833, permettent de mesurer l’ampleur et la variété thématiques de la lecture de Boehme opérée par F. von Baader. En plein accomplissement de l’idéalisme allemand, Baader trouve chez le « cordonnier de Görlitz » les munitions spéculatives nécessaires pour lui opposer un « réalisme transcendantal » puissant et pleinement chrétien. C’est dans la compréhension, ardue mais salutaire, du juste rapport de la manifestation de l’être à sa médiation intérieure, que Baader pense découvrir (...) l’apport le plus excellent de Boehme à une philosophie théologique. (shrink)